Ch 12 cost of production
• Total Cost = FC + VC • Marginal Cost = ΔTC /ΔQ OR ΔVC /ΔQ
• Average fixed cost (AFC) = Fixed cost /Quantity • Average variable cost (AVC) = Variable cost/ Quantity • Average total cost (ATC) = Total costs /Quantity = AFC + AVC
Accounting profit = Total revenue – Explicit costs
Economic profit = TR – Explicit costs – Implicit costs . Economic profit = Accounting profit – Implicit costs
Explicit (directly require company to spend money . Implicit
Unit-- 1
Information Representation
Information representation is the method used by computers to store, process, and transmit data in a form that can be understood by electronic systems. Since computers are digital devices, all information such as numbers, characters, images, and instructions is represented internally using binary digits (0 and 1). These binary values correspond to electrical signals like ON and OFF. Different coding techniques are used to represent various types of information
Introduction: In James, Percival Everett tells the story of Jim from Huckleberry Finn in a new way. Instead of being shown as simple or passive, James is intelligent and aware of how slavery shapes his life. Thesis: Everett shows that James builds his own identity through intelligence, language, and choice despite a society that tries to define him.
Body Paragraph 1 – Topic Sentence: James shows his true identity through his intelligence...
All living things are made of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotic: simple, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles (bacteria).
Eukaryotic: complex, have nucleus + organelles (plant & animal cells).
In both plant & animal cells:
Cell membrane – controls entry/exit.
Cytoplasm – holds organelles, reactions happen here.
Nucleus – controls
Inheritance is an OOP concept that allows a class (called the child or subclass) to acquire the properties and behaviors (fields and methods) of another class (called the parent or superclass).
It promotes code reusability, modularity, and hierarchical classification.
The child class can add new features or override existing ones of the parent class.
class Parent {
// fields and methods
}
class Child extends Parent {
// additional fields and methods
}
what is bitcoin? explain bit coin
Bitcoin is the foundational concept that introduced the world to blockchain technology. It is fundamentally a decentralized, peer-to-peer electronic cash system designed to solve the Double-Spending Problem without relying on a trusted third party like a bank. The Bitcoin network operates on a public, immutable ledger (the Bitcoin Blockchain) which chronologically records every transaction. This ledger is secured by the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism, where
Biopsychology = study of biological basis of behaviour
Interdisciplinary: combines psychology, biology, neuroscience, medicine
Focuses on how brain, hormones, and nervous system affect behaviour and cognition
Applications: understanding mental disorders, learning, memory, emotional responses
Example: Studying stress response involves both hormonal and neural mechanisms
Relevance: helps in clinical psychology, neurorehabilitation, pharmacology
The Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India (2015) case is a landmark judgment where the Supreme Court of India struck down Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000, declaring it unconstitutional. Here's the key details:
- Background: Shreya Singhal, a law student, challenged Section 66A after two girls were arrested in 2012 for Facebook posts criticizing a Mumbai shutdown following a politician's death. The provision criminalized sending "grossly offensive," "menacing," or messages causing