UNIT 1: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives (13 Lectures)
1. Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Oxidation Reactions:
Primary alcohols → Carboxylic acids (using KMnO₄, CrO₃, etc.)
Aldehydes → Carboxylic acids
Ketones (via haloform reaction in methyl ketones)
Ester Hydrolysis:
Acidic hydrolysis: RCOOR’ + H₂O → RCOOH + R’OH
Alkaline hydrolysis (saponification): RCOOR’ + OH⁻ → RCOO⁻ + R’OH
2. Important Reactions
Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction:
α-halogenation...
Hydrotherapy—also known as water therapy—is the use of water for pain relief and treatment. It's a common method used in physical therapy, alternative medicine, and rehabilitation. Here are the main details:
1. Research Design: Meaning, Classification, and Elements
Meaning and Purpose Research design is the overall blueprint or roadmap that guides the entire research process. It defines the procedures necessary to collect, analyze, and interpret data in a way that answers the research questions or tests hypotheses. In essence, it is the structure that provides coherence to the research process, ensuring that every element—from problem definition through data collection to final analysis—is aligned
Monopoly Market
A monopoly market is a market structure where a single firm or entity has complete control over the production, distribution, and sale of a particular product or service.
Key Characteristics
1. *Single Seller*: There is only one seller or producer in the market.
2. *No Close Substitutes*: The product or service has no close substitutes, making it difficult for consumers to switch to alternative products.
3. *Barriers to Entry*: There are significant barriers to entry, making it difficult
Compile and Go
In this type of loader, the Linkers and Loaders instruction is read line by line, its machine code is obtained and it is directly put in the main memory at some known address. That means the assembler runs in one part of memory and the assembled machine instructions and data is directly put into their assigned memory locations. After completion of assembly process loader contains the instruction using which the The location counter is set to the start of the newly assembled program.
1. Explain the maxim 'Delay defeats equity.'
Equity helps vigilant, not those who sleep. Delay by claimant weakens their right to get fair and just remedy.
The maxim means that equity favors those who act timely. Delay in asserting rights may bar equitable relief due to laches.
This equitable maxim suggests that courts will not aid individuals who delay unreasonably in asserting their rights. Equity promotes fairness, and delay indicates
...La comedia nueva (Barroco)
Creada por Lope de Vega, la comedia nueva rompe con las reglas clásicas y busca entretener al público respetando sus gustos.
Características principales:
Escrita en verso con variedad métrica.
Tres actos: planteamiento, nudo y desenlace. Ruptura de las unidades clásicas de tiempo, lugar y acción. Mezcla de elementos trágicos y cómicos. Temas variados: mitología, Biblia, historia, vidas de santos, novelas italianas, etc.- Objetivo doble: entretener y reforzar la
#Security issues in wireless
Wireless networks offer convenience and flexibility, but they also come with a range of security issues that can expose users and organizations to various threats. Below are some of the most common security issues in wireless networks:
1.Unauthorized Access (Rogue Access Points):::Description: Attackers can set up fake access points (APs) to trick users into connecting. ::: Impact: Allows attackers to intercept traffic and steal credentials.::Mitigation: Use WPA3 encryption,
//prime
int num, i, isPrime = 1;//after this print and scan num
if (num <= 1) {
isPrime = 0;
} else {
for (i = 2; i <= num / 2; i++) {
if (num % i == 0) {
isPrime = 0;
break; }}}
if (isPrime)
printf("%d is a prime number.\n", num);
else{print no prime}