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JavaScript (often abbreviated as JS) is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. While HTML provides the structure and CSS provides the style, JavaScript provides the interactivity.

It is a high-level, interpreted programming language that allows you to implement complex features on web pages—from updating content dynamically and controlling multimedia to animating images and handling user input.  

Applications of JavaScript  Web Development (Client-Side),

4 Functions of courts: Due Process, Crime Control, Rehabilitation, Bureaucratic

Jurisdiction (Geographic, Concurrent)

Trial Courts - first level, hears evidence, issues verdict

Appellate Courts - review rulings for legal error, no new evidence

Dual Court System - separate federal and state court systems with shared authority

Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court - original (state/ambassadors), appellate (from lower)

Supreme Court Decisions - Plurality: most votes, not majority, Concurring: agrees, different

Unit-4 

Modular Programming

Modular programming is a software design technique that divides a program into smaller, independent, and reusable units called modules or functions. Each module performs a specific task, which helps in organizing, testing, and debugging programs more efficiently. By breaking a large problem into manageable pieces, programmers can focus on one module at a time, reducing complexity and improving readability. Modules can be developed, tested, and maintained separately,

Unit-- 1

Problems and Problem Instances

A problem in computer science is a clearly defined task or situation that requires a solution using logical and computational methods. It describes what needs to be achieved without specifying how to achieve it. A problem usually includes input data, required output, and certain constraints that must be satisfied. For example, “finding the maximum number in a list” is a problem statement. A problem instance is a specific example of that problem with actual

There are seven continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Australia.

There are five major oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean.

• low-income economies (LICs)

less than > 1036

• middle-income economies (MICS)

1036< and < 12535

• high-income economies (HICS)

< 12535

Sustainability refers to meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

What is Law? Law is a set of rules created by a government to control behavior in society. It keeps people safe, resolves conflicts fairly, and protects rights. Breaking a law leads to consequences such as fines or jail. Example: Stopping at a red light prevents accidents.

What is Criminality? Criminality is the act of breaking the law. These actions harm society as a whole, not just individuals. The government investigates and punishes crimes. Example: Stealing from a store is a crime against the

/******************************************************
 FORMATIVE EXAM
 ******************************************************/

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

/******************************************************
 * QUESTION 3: ENUM FOR GENRE
 ******************************************************/
enum class Genre {
    Science,
    Fiction,

In political science, understanding the boundaries and functions of the State is essential, as the term is often colloquially confused with "government," "society," or "nation."
1. Functions of the State
The modern state serves two primary categories of functions: Essential (Compulsory) and Welfare (Optional).
Essential Functions
These are required for the very survival and identity of the state:
 * Protection of Sovereignty: Maintaining a military to defend borders from foreign invasion.
 * Maintenance