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1. IT Personnel and Society

• Significance of IT in Society:

  • IT is now fundamental to modern society, serving as infrastructure for the "e-generation".

  • It has profoundly changed people's habits, influencing culture and lifestyle.

• Organizational Structure of a Typical IT Department:

  • Application Development: Focuses on creating and maintaining software applications.

  • Technical/Application Support: Provides technical assistance and resolves issues related to applications.

  • IT Services Support:

33       EDEMA

Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium or body cavities due to an imbalance in fluid homeostasis.

Types include pitting edema, caused by protein deficiency, increased hydrostatic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or fluid retention; and non-pitting edema, caused by lymphatic obstruction or hypothyroidism (myxedema).

Pathogenesis involves decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, increased

M5). Outline Important Cloud Platform Capabilities. ?

1. On-Demand Self-Service :Users can access computing resources (like servers, storage) whenever they need, without human help.
2. Broad Network Access :Services are available over the internet and can be used from laptops, phones, or tablets.
3. Resource Pooling :Cloud providers share resources (like storage, memory) among many users using virtualization.
4. Rapid Elasticity :Resources can be increased or decreased quickly based on need (auto-scaling)

*Free Space Management:*

Free space management involves tracking and managing unused storage space to optimize allocation and minimize waste.

*Techniques:*

1. *Bit Vector*: Use a bit vector to track free and allocated blocks.
2. *Linked List*: Use a linked list to track free blocks.
3. *Grouping*: Group free blocks together for efficient allocation.

*Benefits:*

1. *Efficient Allocation*: Quickly find free space for allocation.
2. *Reduced Fragmentation*: Minimize fragmentation by efficiently managing

*File System Structure:* A file system structure typically consists of: 1. *Boot Block*: Contains boot information.

2. *Super Block*: Contains metadata about the file system. 3. *Inode Table*: Contains inode structures for each file. 4. *Data Blocks*: Store file data. 5. *Directory Blocks*: Store directory information.

*Key Components:*

1. *Inodes*: Contain file metadata (ownership, permissions, location).
2. *File Descriptors*: Identify open files.
3. *Directory Entries*: Map file names to inodes.

*Memory Management Strategies:*

1. *Partitioning*: Divide memory into fixed or variable-size partitions.
2. *Paging*: Divide memory into fixed-size blocks (pages).
3. *Segmentation*: Divide programs into logical segments (code, data, stack).
4. *Swapping*: Temporarily move processes from main memory to secondary storage.
5. *Contiguous Memory Allocation*: Allocate contiguous blocks of memory to processes.

*Goals:*

1. *Efficient memory use*
2. *Prevent memory fragmentation*
3. *Improve system performance*

Here's an overview of these types of operating systems:

*1. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS):*

- Designed for applications that require predictable and fast responses to events.
- Guarantees a response within a specified time frame.
- Examples: Industrial control systems, medical devices, automotive systems, aerospace systems.

*Characteristics:* - Predictable response times - High reliability - Efficient resource utilization

*2. Batch Processing Operating System:* - Executes a series of jobs (programs)