so much depends/upon//a red wheel/barrow//glazed with rain/water//beside the white/chickens      the breaks in stanzas allow the reader to focus on the individual parts of the poem

SET-2

1.List the applications and challenges in NLP. 

Applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP):
Natural Language Processing is widely used across industries to enable machines

to understand and generate human language. Major applications include machine

translation, which converts text between languages; sentiment analysis, used to

detect opinions in reviews and social media; chatbots and virtual assistants for

automated customer support; speech recognition in voice-controlled systems;

set-1

1.Discuss the structure word and their components.

A.In linguistics and NLP, a structured word (or word structure) refers to

how a word is internally organized using meaningful building blocks. Words

are not always indivisible; many are formed by combining smaller units

called morphemes, the smallest units of meaning.

Components of Word Structure

1. Root / Base
The core element carrying the primary meaning.
Example: play in replay, player, playful.

2. Stem
The form to which affixes attach.

1. What are the main challenges in NLP?

Ambiguity (lexical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic)

Context understanding

Sarcasm/irony detection

Multilinguality & low-resource languages

2. Define Sentiment Analysis.
Sentiment analysis is the process of identifying and classifying

opinions or emotions expressed in text as positive, negative,

or neutral.

3. What are chatbots?
Chatbots are AI systems designed to simulate human conversation

through text or voice interactions.

4. Define Machine Translation.

1 Question: A company developing AI-powered hiring software finds the system disproportionately rejects female candidates due to biased training data. What is the most ethically responsible action?
Answer: ✅ Rework the training data to remove bias and improve fairness.

2 Question: A company releases a self-driving car algorithm that was not fully tested, leading to accidents. According to the ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics, what should have been done?
Answer: ✅ The software should have been rigorously

Data architecture serves as the structural foundation for an organization's data assets. It is a complex framework that governs how data is collected, integrated, and managed. A professional architecture is designed to handle the "3 Vs" of big data: Volume, Velocity, and Variety.

       The Multi-Layered Framework

1. Ingestion Layer: This is the "loading dock." It must support Batch Processing (moving large volumes at set times via tools like Apache Sqoop) and Stream Processing (handling real-

CIS 2500 – Exam 1 Clean Sheet (Excel Focused)

CHAPTER 1 – DATA BASICS

Population = all items in the study

Sample = subset of the population

Parameter = numerical value describing a population                                                                                                                                   

Statistic = numerical value describing a

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Software Development Life Cycle = Framework that defines how software is developed step by step.

Core Software Engineering Activities

• Software Specification

• Software Development

• Software Validation

• Software Evolution

Typical Development Flow

Planning → Requirements Analysis → System Design → Implementation → Testing → Maintenance

Software Process Structure

Software Process → Phase → Activity → Task

Process Activities Require:

• Resources