MANAGING BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTION UNIT 1 Evolution of banks india Phase 1: PreIndependence Era (Before 1947) • The roots of banking in India trace back to ancient times, with references to money lending and financial transactions in Vedic texts. However, the formal banking system began during the British colonial period. • Early Banks: The first bank in India, the Bank of Hindustan, was established in 1770 in Calcutta but ceased operations in 1832. Subsequently, the General Bank of India
| Threat Actor | Motivation | Traits | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nation-State Hackers | Espionage, cyber warfare | Highly skilled, stealthy, well-funded | Fancy Bear (Russia), APT Groups |
| Organized Crime Groups | Financial gain (ransomware, theft) | Professional, use ransomware-as-a-service | Conti ransomware gang |
| Hacktivists | Ideological or political disruption | Varied skill levels | Anonymous |
| Insider Threats | Revenge, profit, carelessness | Already have access, dangerous | Disgruntled |
CARTOON
-Uvalde School Shooting (Texas, 2022): A gunman killed 21 people, including 19 young students. After the tragedy, many U.S. politicians still refused to change gun laws, showing how school shootings are becoming expected rather than shocking. This supports the cartoon's idea that society is becoming used to gun violence.
-NRA Convention (2022): Just days after Uvalde, the National Rifle Association (a powerful U.S. gun rights group) held a large meeting to promote gun rights and products.
Corporate governance is the system of rules, practices, and processes by which a company is directed and controlled. It involves balancing the interests of stakeholders such as shareholders, management, customers, suppliers, financiers, government, and the community.
Central Banking refers to the functions and activities carried out by a central bank, which is the main monetary authority of a country responsible for managing the currency, money supply, and interest rates. It acts as a regulator and supervisor of the banking system and plays a crucial role in the economic and financial stability of the country.
A Central Bank is a government-owned or state-owned
India's banking system is a well-structured and regulated system overseen primarily by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Here's an overview of the banking system and its structure:
Established: 1935 (under the RBI Act, 1934)
Role:
Regulates the issue and supply of currency
Acts as the banker to the government and commercial banks
Formulates and implements monetary policy
Supervises and regulates financial institutions and markets
Q1. Working Of Increment and Decrement Operator.
Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 10;
printf("%d\n",a++); // a = a + 1 => a = 11
printf("%d\n",a--); // a = a - 1 => a = 10
int count = 5;
printf("%d\n", ++count); // prints 6 (prefix increment)
printf("%d\n", count--); // prints 6, then count becomes 5 (postfix decrement)
return 0;
Q.Tokens:A token is the smallest unit of meaning in a programming languageThe tokens would be: 1. int → keyword 2. x → identifier 3. =
Cells are open systems – they exchange both matter and energy with their environment.
Open System Examples (Cells):
In: Water, oxygen, nutrients, solar energy (in plants)
Out: Carbon dioxide, waste, thermal energy, kinetic energy
| Need | Organ System |
|---|---|
| Nutrient intake & use | Digestive |
| Gas exchange | Respiratory, circulatory |
| Movement & growth | Musculoskeletal |
| Response to stimuli | Nervous |
| Waste removal | Excretory, respiratory, digestive |
| Reproduction | Reproductive |
| Need | Organ |
|---|