A promoter is an individual, group, or firm that conceives a business idea, evaluates its viability, and undertakes the necessary legal and financial actions to bring a company into existence.
Key 🔑 Functions of a Promoter
•Conceiving the Idea: Identifying a business opportunity and evaluating its viability and profitability.
•Feasibility Studies: Investigating technical, financial, and legal aspects to ensure the project is practical.
•Incorporation Documentation: Drafting the Memorandum
O que entende por saldo primário e por saldo estrutural no tocante ao equilíbrio orçamental? Relacione com o critério do ativo de tesouraria e com a “regra de ouro» das Finanças Públicas.
O saldo primário corresponde ao saldo orçamental apurado sem considerar os encargos com juros da dívida pública, permitindo avaliar se o Estado, na sua atividade corrente, gera receitas suficientes para financiar as suas despesas sem recorrer a novo endividamento. Trata-se, assim, de um indicador essencial
📘 LESSON 1.1 – FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
🔹 1. Meaning of Accounting
Accounting = Recording + Classifying + Summarising + Interpreting financial transactions.
Purpose:
•To analyze
•To report results to interested parties
👉 If focus is:
Financial transactions → Financial Accounting
Cost data → Cost Accounting
Decision-making → Management Accounting
🔹 2. Types of Accounting
1. Financial Accounting
Focus: External users
Provides financial statements
2. Cost Accounting
Focus: Cost
The World Trade Organization (WTO), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), and BRICS are key international organizations and groupings that play significant roles in global trade, regional cooperation, and economic development. Below is an overview of each, along with their objectives and importance.
The WTO is a global international organization that regulates trade between nations. It...
1. New Economic Policy - Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), 1991
In 1991, India faced a severe economic crisis (low foreign exchange reserves and high inflation). To fix this, the government introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP), often called the LPG Model.
Liberalization: Removing red tape and unnecessary government controls. This meant ending the License Raj, allowing businesses to expand without seeking constant government permission.
Privatization: Reducing the role of the public sector....
1. TERMS OF TRADE (ToT)
Meaning: Terms of Trade refers to the rate at which a country’s exports exchange for imports; it indicates the purchasing power of exports in terms of imports.
Formula: ToT = (Export Price Index / Import Price Index) × 100
• ToT > 100 → Favorable (more imports for same exports)
• ToT < 100 → Unfavorable
Types:
• Net Barter ToT: Ratio of export prices to import prices (Px/Pm)
• Gross Barter ToT: Ratio of quantity of imports to exports (Qm/Qx)
• Income...
Charles II (1660-85), Charles I's son, had spent his exile in France; he was an admirer of the Sun King, Louis XIV, and he had French tastes. Therefore, when the monarchy was restored in 1660 and he came back to England, he established a court devoted to pleasure. Theatres, race-courses and taverns re-opened, and fashion and gossip replaced religious debate. The reaction to the Civil War and Puritan Commonwealth varied from the rejection of strict morality to a more rational interest in the real,Zbiory- są oznaczone zazwyczaj dużymi literami alfabetu ABCD. Element który należy do pewnego zbioru oznaczamy małą literą xyz. Element a należy do zbioru A a c A. Element a nie należy do zbioru A a c A. szczególnym przypadkiem jest zbiór pusty do którego nie należy żaden element 0.
Zbiory równoliczne- liczą tyle samo elementów. Zbiory skończone AiB są równoliczne gdy liczba elementów zbioru A jest równa liczbie elementów zbioru B. np.: A = -3,-2,-1,0 i B= 0,1,2,3 . Zbiory...
Data cube computation is a fundamental concept in data warehousing and OLAP (Online Analytical Processing), used to precompute and store aggregated data for efficient querying. A data cube consists of multiple dimensions and measures, enabling users to analyze data at different levels of granularity. However, computing all possible aggregates can be expensive in terms of time and storage, so efficient computation methods are required.
One common method is