The concepts of climate change, global warming, the greenhouse effect, and ozone depletion are fundamental to understanding the current state of our global environment and the imperative for sustainable development.
🌡️ Climate Change and Global Warming -Climate Change refers to a long-term shift in the average weather conditions of a region or the Earth as a whole. This includes changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and wind patterns. Global Warming is the term used to describe the
Ecology is the fundamental study of the intricate relationships between living organisms (including humans) and their physical environment. It seeks to understand the vital connections, interactions, and exchanges of energy and matter that occur within the natural world .
🌎 Definition of Ecology
The term Ecology comes from the Greek words oikos (meaning 'house' or 'habitat') and logos (meaning 'study of').
* Formal Definition: Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions among organisms
KEY CONCEPTS
1.Law: An object stays in uniform motion unless net force acts| 2.Law: Acceleration is proportional to net force and inversely to mass| 3.Law: Forces come in equal and opposite pairs | Conservation of Energy: Total mechanical energy remains constant if no non-conservative forces act | Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum stays constant in isolated systems | Archimedes: Buoyant force equals weight of displaced fluid | Bernoulli: Faster fluid → lower pressure; slower fluid → higher...
Lists
Ordered (diff from sorted) and linear
duplicates allowed
implementation: array list: good for iteration, resizeable, add = slide to right, remove = slide to left to close gap. linkedlist : nodes & pointers, no shifting, grows dynamically, good for lots of insert/deletion
core operations: add(newentry), add(pos, newentry), remove(pos, newEntry), replace(pos,newEntry), getEntry(pos), contains(entry), toArray(), getLength- numofentries, isempty/clear. helper = ensurecapacity, makeroom, removegap,
1. Determining electron domain geometry, molecular geometry, hybridization, polarity, and bond angles from Lewis structures
From a Lewis structure, you need to count electron domains (bonding pairs + lone pairs) around the central atom to determine geometries:
Taalverwantschap
Talen lijken op elkaar door erfwoorden (centrale, alledaagse woordenschat). Erfwoorden tonen regelmatige klankovereenkomsten → bewijs van taalverwantschap.
Proto-Indo-Europees (PIE)
Oertaal ± 6000 jaar geleden, nooit opgeschreven, volledig gereconstrueerd via vergelijking van talen. Klankwetten tonen hoe woorden veranderden. Naam is misleidend (proto, Indo, Europees is eigenlijk te beperkt).
PIE-stamboom (ppt)
Indo-Europese familie →
•Germaanse
KANT’S VIEWS ON MODERNITY — 20 MARKS ANSWER
Immanuel Kant occupies a central position in the intellectual history of modernity. His political and philosophical project can be understood as an attempt to define the essence of the “modern” age as one grounded in autonomy, rationality, and moral self-legislation. For Kant, modernity is not merely a chronological period but an attitude—a transformation in human consciousness wherein individuals learn to think for themselves, free from the
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TOPIC |
RULE/PRINCIPLE | EXAMPLE |
|---|---|---|
| LAB 10 - PT vs. TC | ||
| Practical Transcription (PC) | Transfers the sounds of a foreign name; consistent, rule-based; uses standardized letter correspondences | RL Заболотный → EL Zabolotny |
| Traditional Correspondence (TC) | Uses historical, non-regular spelling rooted in cultural tradition, often unrelated to phonetics | RL Иоанн → EL John |
| Where TC is common | Anthroponyms, figures of history, politics, culture, religion, mythology; toponyms; |
The historical glory of ancient Indian literature lies in its vastness, philosophical depth, and enduring influence across cultures and millennia. It is a fundamental source of knowledge about the beliefs, practices, and values of ancient Indian civilization.
📜 Key Literary Works
Ancient Indian literature, primarily composed in Sanskrit, can be broadly categorized:
* Vedic Literature (Śruti - "that which is heard"): These are considered the oldest sacred texts and the foundation of Hindu philosophy.