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elementy tożsamości Społecznej wiek płeć przynależność do grupy religia pochodzenie osobistej osobowość cechy fizyczne osiągnięcia wyznawanie wartości dyskryminacja sytuacja w której człowiek jest traktowany gorzej niż inni ze względu na płeć rasę mechanizmy społeczne które sprzyjają dyskryminacji etnocentryzm przekonania wyższości własnej grupy Mechanizm kozla ofiarnego obwinianie innych za swoje niepowodzenie dehumanizacja odbieranie innym ludzkiej godności formy ksenofobii

РУБЕЖНЫЙ КОНТРОЛЬ №1

1. История Казахстана: предмет, цель, источники — Изучает развитие общества на территории Казахстана. Цель — понять исторические процессы, государственность, культуру и идентичность. Источники: археологические, письменные, устные, этнографические, вещественные.

UNIT-01

3Q.1. Classification of Buildings as per National Building Code (NBC:2005, Part 3).

Ans:-1)Meaning: Classification of buildings means grouping them according to their use or occupancy so that planning, structural, fire-safety and service requirements can be fixed for each group.

2)Basis: NBC 2005 (Part 3 - Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements; Part 4 - Fire and Life Safety) classifies buildings by occupancy into nine groups lettered A to J.

3)Group A - Residential:

 Why is the electrical conductivity of metals very high while that of plastics is very low?

Metals: Metallic bonding leaves valence electrons delocalised as an “electron sea” (about 10²⁸–10²⁹ electrons/m³). In band theory the conduction band is partly filled or overlaps the valence band, so there is no energy gap. Electrons move freely under a small field. Conductivity is about 10⁶–10⁸ S/m.

Plastics: Atoms are held by strong covalent bonds, so all electrons are localised. The

*सङ्घीय सरकारको गठन प्रक्रिया यसरी हुन्छ—पहिले प्रतिनिधि सभा सदस्यका लागि आम निर्वाचन हुन्छ। निर्वाचनपछि प्रतिनिधि सभामा बहुमत प्राप्त गर्ने दल वा दलहरूको गठबन्धनले सरकार बनाउँछ। राष्ट्रपतिले

#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int n;
    cin >> n;

    priority_queue<long long, vector<long long>,

greater<long long>> q;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        long long x;
        cin >> x;
        q.push(x);
    }

    long long ans = 0;
    while (q.size() > 1) {
        long long a = q.top(); q.pop();
        long long b = q.top(); q.pop();
       

• Process States: A process cycles through: New (created) → Ready (waiting in memory) → Running (executing instructions) → Waiting/Blocked (waiting for an event/IO) → Terminated (finished execution).
• PCB Definition: A dedicated kernel data structure containing all information about a specific process.
• 5 Essential PCB Fields:
  1. Process State: Current condition (Ready, Running, etc.).
  2. Program Counter (PC): Address of the next instruction to

1. Meaning of OD Organizational Development (OD) is a planned process of improving an organization's performance through changes in employee behaviour, teamwork, and communication. 2. Nature ⦿Planned: Changes are planned properly. ⦿Continuous: It is an ongoing process. ⦿People-oriented: Focuses on employees. ⦿Change-oriented: Helps the organization adapt to changes. ⦿Long-term: Focuses on lasting improvement. 3. Basic Assumptions ⦿Employees want to learn and grow. ⦿Trust and teamwork