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*Free Space Management:*

Free space management involves tracking and managing unused storage space to optimize allocation and minimize waste.

*Techniques:*

1. *Bit Vector*: Use a bit vector to track free and allocated blocks.
2. *Linked List*: Use a linked list to track free blocks.
3. *Grouping*: Group free blocks together for efficient allocation.

*Benefits:*

1. *Efficient Allocation*: Quickly find free space for allocation.
2. *Reduced Fragmentation*: Minimize fragmentation by efficiently managing

*File System Structure:* A file system structure typically consists of: 1. *Boot Block*: Contains boot information.

2. *Super Block*: Contains metadata about the file system. 3. *Inode Table*: Contains inode structures for each file. 4. *Data Blocks*: Store file data. 5. *Directory Blocks*: Store directory information.

*Key Components:*

1. *Inodes*: Contain file metadata (ownership, permissions, location).
2. *File Descriptors*: Identify open files.
3. *Directory Entries*: Map file names to inodes.

*Memory Management Strategies:*

1. *Partitioning*: Divide memory into fixed or variable-size partitions.
2. *Paging*: Divide memory into fixed-size blocks (pages).
3. *Segmentation*: Divide programs into logical segments (code, data, stack).
4. *Swapping*: Temporarily move processes from main memory to secondary storage.
5. *Contiguous Memory Allocation*: Allocate contiguous blocks of memory to processes.

*Goals:*

1. *Efficient memory use*
2. *Prevent memory fragmentation*
3. *Improve system performance*

Here's an overview of these types of operating systems:

*1. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS):*

- Designed for applications that require predictable and fast responses to events.
- Guarantees a response within a specified time frame.
- Examples: Industrial control systems, medical devices, automotive systems, aerospace systems.

*Characteristics:* - Predictable response times - High reliability - Efficient resource utilization

*2. Batch Processing Operating System:* - Executes a series of jobs (programs)

**"Pots of Gold"**, originally titled **"Aulularia"** in Latin, is a Roman comedy written by **Plautus**, one of the most celebrated playwrights of ancient Rome. This play is an excellent example of early Roman comedy, which was heavily influenced by **Greek New Comedy** but adapted to suit Roman audiences. The play focuses on **greed, deception, and the social values of the time**.The central character of the play is **Euclio**, a miserly old man who finds a hidden pot of gold in his house. His

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct Student {
    int rollnumber;
    int total;
    float average;
    struct Student* next;
} Student;

Student* head = NULL;

Student* createNode(int rollnumber, int total, float average) {
    Student* newNode = (Student*)malloc(sizeof(Student));
    newNode->rollnumber = rollnumber;
    newNode->total = total;
    newNode->average = average;
    newNode->next = NULL;
    return newNode;
}

void addStudent(int rollnumber,