1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ETHICS
Meaning of Ethics
Ethics is the systematic study of moral values, principles, duties, and standards that guide human behavior. In engineering, ethics provides a framework for decision-making, ensuring that engineers act with honesty, integrity, fairness, and responsibility toward society, the environment, and stakeholders.
Characteristics of Ethical Behaviour
1.Universality – Ethical principles apply broadly to all situations and people.
2.Impartiality – Decisions
...## Overview of the Cell Cycle -The cell cycle is an ordered sequence of events enabling a cell to grow, replicate its DNA, and divide into two genetically identical daughter cells, ensuring accurate genetic transmission. It comprises interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and the mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). During G1 phase, the cell grows metabolically, synthesizing proteins and organelles while assessing environmental conditions at the restriction point before committing to division. S
Here is the information on the structure and function of the cell components you asked about, including chemical components of cells, catalysis, and energy use:
Lysosome: Lysosomes are membrane-bound, dense granular organelles containing about 50 hydrolytic enzymes active in acidic pH. They digest intracellular and extracellular materials by breaking down macromolecules, waste materials, and cellular debris. Structurally, lysosomes have an outer limiting membrane and an inner matrix with enzymes
Applications of Microwaves||Common applications (any 5–6 can be written)||-- Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging)||-- Satellite communication||-- Terrestrial microwave links (point-to-point communication)||-- Microwave ovens (domestic and industrial heating)||-- Remote sensing and radiometry||-- Medical applications (diathermy, cancer treatment, imaging)||-- Radio astronomy and deep-space communication||-- Military EW (jamming, guidance, seekers)||Brief explanation of any two:||1.Radar (Radio Detection
Perfect! I’ve removed Question 10 and expanded the rest into a detailed, exam-ready note sheet with all key points, formulas, comparisons, and tips for full marks. I’ve kept headings short and structured for quick revision.
Definition:
A digital-to-analog converter that converts a binary input to an analog voltage using only R and 2R resistors. Common in ICs due to simplicity and accuracy.
Operation:
Each bit controls a switch connecting to Vref (1) or GND (0).
Ladder network
Preparation of Competent Cells
Aim: To prepare E. coli TOP10 cells capable of uptaking foreign DNA (plasmid) using the calcium chloride method.
Core Principle Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂) neutralizes the negative charges on the cell membrane (phospholipids) and the DNA backbone, reducing electrostatic repulsion. This, followed by a heat shock, creates transient pores for DNA entry.
Key Terms Competence: A cell's ability to take up extracellular DNA.
Transformation: The process of importing foreign
A crise de 1929 marcou uma rotura profunda na economia e na sociedade norte-americana. O colapso bolsista desencadeou uma espiral de falências empresariais e a paralisação do investimento, arrastando consigo a indústria, cuja produção caiu drasticamente. A procura interna desmoronou, os preços afundaram e o desemprego atingiu dimensões nunca vistas, deixando milhões de famílias sem meios de subsistência. Sem redes de apoio social, multiplicaram-se filas para refeições de beneficência,
La Generación del 27 fue un grupo de escritores, principalmente poetas, que surgió en España alrededor de 1927 con motivo del homenaje a Luis de Góngora. Sus miembros compartían unas características comunes que definieron su estética. En primer lugar, buscaban un equilibrio entre tradición y vanguardia: admiraban a los clásicos españoles, especialmente a Góngora, pero también incorporaban técnicas vanguardistas como el surrealismo. Otra característica esencial es la renovación del
m3) What is the role of a regression model in exploratory data analysis?
Regression analysis in Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is used to model the relationship between a dependent variable (Y) and one or more independent variables (X). • Relationship Visualization: It helps visualize how variables interact. For example, fitting a line (y= ax + b) through a scatter plot helps identify if the relationship is linear or non-linear. • Correlation Identification: It identifies the nature of the