Two objects are indiscernible if they have same values for a chosen set of attributes.
Forms equivalence classes (granules).
Basis for lower/upper approximations in Rough Sets.
Reduct
Minimum subset of attributes giving same classification power as full set.
Removing any attribute → information loss.
Core
Intersection of all reducts.
Contains attributes must for classification.
Example (Medical dataset)
Attributes:
HISTORY
The Age of Revolution: 1830-1848
● Bourbon kings were overthrown 2 set up a constitutional monarchy in July 1830. ● National feeling was the main focus area. ● Greece was struggling 4 independence which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. ● Greece was declared an independent nation in the Treaty of Constantinople signed in 1832. ● German philosopher, Johan Gottfried discovered the culture of common people through music, dance & folk poetry. ● There were fewer jobs & more
...6. Explain the construction and working of an n-channel JFET.
**Construction:**
An n-channel JFET consists of a small bar of extrinsic n-type semiconductor material. Two ohmic contacts are made at its ends, serving as the drain (D) and source (S) terminals. Heavily doped p-type electrodes form reverse-biased p-n junctions on both sides of the n-type bar, creating the gate (G) terminals (usually connected together). The thin region between these two p-gates is the n-channel, through which...
✍️ Blogs (Weblogs)
A Blog (short for "weblog") is a type of website or a section within a website that features regularly updated content presented in discrete, often informal, diary-style entries called posts.
Key Characteristics of a Blog:
* Reverse Chronological Order: Newest posts typically appear first at the top of the page.
* Informal/Conversational Tone: Posts are often written in a personal or conversational style, making them highly engaging.
* Focus on a Topic (Niche): Blogs often
ECONOMICS
8. In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functions of Banks? Why is this necessary?
Ans: The Reserve Bank of India supervises all the functions of banks in several ways: ● The commercial banks need to hold a part of their cash, as a reserve with their RBI. RBI ensures that the banks maintain a minimum cash balance limit, from the deposits they receive. ● RBI observes and ensures that the banks are giving loans not only to profit making businesses owners and traders,...
1. Information Maintenance Commands
wc (Word Count)
Counts lines, words, and characters in a file.
wc file.txt — Show lines, words, and characters
wc -l file.txt — Count only lines
wc -w file.txt — Count only words
wc -c file.txt — Count only characters
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clear (Clear Screen)
Clears the terminal screen.
clear
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cal (Calendar)
Displays a calendar of the current or specified month/year.
cal — Show current
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Your question about national symbols feeling personally meaningful really made me pause, because even though I grew up balancing Chinese cultural traditions with my Catholic upbringing, there were moments when certain national events hit me in a deeper way than I expected. One moment that stands out was during the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. I was still young, but I remember how the entire country felt united in a way I had never experienced before—people cheering in the...
Marginal costing is a costing technique in which only variable costs (direct materials, direct labour, variable overheads) are considered for product costing, while fixed costs are treated as period costs and charged directly to the Profit and Loss Account.
The marginal cost of a product refers to the additional cost incurred to produce one extra unit of output.
In formula form:
Marginal Cost = Prime Cost + Variable
Process costing is used in industries where production is continuous and passes through successive processes such as chemicals, textiles, petroleum, paper, or food processing. In such industries, the output of one process becomes the input of the next process. When this transfer of output takes place at a price above cost, the difference is called Inter-process Profit.