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Khondalite – Petrographic Notes with Indian Occurrence (8 Marks)
Khondalite is a high-grade metamorphic rock belonging to the gneiss–schist group, composed mainly of quartzo-feldspathic–garnet–sillimanite assemblage with graphite. The term was coined by T. L. Walker (1902) after the Khond tribe of Odisha.
Megascopic Characters
Colour: Brown to greyish brown
Grain size: Medium to coarse grained
Texture: Porphyroblastic (garnet as porphyroblast)
Structure: Schistose to gneissose, well-developed

1. SKELETAL & ARTICULAR SYSTEM

Anatomical Position

Standing upright, Facing forward, Feet flat, slightly apart, toes forward, Arms at sides, Palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away, This position is the reference point for describing movement.

Terms to Describe Movement

Flexion: Decrease joint angle, Extension: Increase joint angle, Abduction: Movement away from midline, Adduction: Movement toward midline, Plantar Flexion: Pointing toes downward, Dorsiflexion: Bringing toes upward, Supination:

🔹 Intelligence artificielle (IA)

• L’intelligence artificielle est une technologie qui permet à une machine d’imiter certaines capacités humaines.

• Elle fonctionne grâce à des algorithmes informatiques.

• Son but est de faire penser ou agir une machine comme un humain.

• On l’appelle « artificielle » pour la différencier de l’intelligence humaine naturelle

🔹 Entraînement de l’IA

• Une IA apprend à partir de grandes quantités de données.

• Plus les données sont nombreuses

Alkaloids

- *Definition*: Nitrogen-containing compounds, often basic, found in plants.

- *Classification*: Based on structure (e.g., pyrrolidine, quinoline) or source (e.g., opium, cinchona alkaloids).

- *Chemical Test*:

  - Dragendorff's reagent - Mayer's reagent

Volatile Oils

- *Definition*: Odorous, volatile compounds in plants (e.g., essential oils).

- *Classification*: Terpenes, aldehydes, esters, etc.

- *Chemical Test*:

    - Stain test with Sudan III: Reddish stain.

Tannins

- *Definition*

*Logic is the science of reasoning and correct thinking.

It studies how we can think clearly, reason properly, and reach valid conclusions.

 Example: 1.All humans are mortal. 2.Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. 

Key Point: Logic tells us how to think, not what to think.

Logic is important because it helps us:

Think Clearly – Avoid confusion and mistakes

Make Correct Decisions – Helps in problem-solving

Distinguish Right from Wrong – Avoid fallacies and wrong reasoning

Improve

Design graphique – notions essentielles

• Le design graphique sert à organiser l’information pour qu’elle soit claire, lisible et agréable

• Avant de créer, il faut se demander : quel message, pour qui, dans quel but, avec quelles valeurs

• Le design repose sur la couleur, la typographie, la hiérarchie visuelle, la mise en page et l’identité visuelle

La couleur

• Les couleurs se répartissent en primaires, secondaires et tertiaires

• On distingue couleurs chaudes et couleurs froides

1. bile – a digestive fluid that helps digest fats
2. appendix – a small organ attached to the large intestine
3. celiac disease – an autoimmune disease caused by gluten
4. defecation – faeces / the process of passing stool
5. weight gain – putting on weight / an increase in body weight
6. palpate – to examine by touch
7. stool – solid waste eliminated from the body
8. bowel – the intestines (small or large)

*Human Development Index (HDI) is astatistical measure used to judge the overall development of a country, not only by income but also by health and education.HDI is based on three main indicators:

Health

Life Expectancy at Birth

Shows how long people live

Education

Mean Years of Schooling

Expected Years of Schooling

Standard of Living

Measured by Per Capita Income (GNI per capita)

HDI Value Range

HDI value lies between 0 and 1