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AAAIII
Minimax Search Algorithm for Two Players
The Minimax algorithm is used in two-player zero-sum games (like chess or tic-tac-toe) to determine the optimal move for a player, assuming the opponent also plays optimally. Algorithm Steps: 1.Input: Current game state (node). Depth (how many moves ahead to consider). Maximizing or minimizing player. 2.Check for Terminal State or Depth = 0: If yes, return the utility value of the current state. 3.If Maximizing Player's Turn: Initialize best value to -∞.
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RECEPTORS Receptors are macromolecules, present either on the cell surface, Crytoplasm or in the nucleus, from which the drug binds and interacts to produce cellular changes.• Receptors are mostly proteins.Classification Of Receptors
The receptors are of following types:
①G-Protein Coupled Receptor
② Ion Channel Receptors
③ JAK - STAT Binding Receptor ④Enzymatic Receptors 5.Nuclear ReceptorsG-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS
• G-Protein Coupled Receptors are a large family of cell membrane
unit toeoe
MANAGING BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTION UNIT 1 Evolution of banks india Phase 1: PreIndependence Era (Before 1947) • The roots of banking in India trace back to ancient times, with references to money lending and financial transactions in Vedic texts. However, the formal banking system began during the British colonial period. • Early Banks: The first bank in India, the Bank of Hindustan, was established in 1770 in Calcutta but ceased operations in 1832. Subsequently, the General Bank of India
security + domain 2
🔍 Threat Actors (Who Are the Attackers?)
| Threat Actor | Motivation | Traits | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nation-State Hackers | Espionage, cyber warfare | Highly skilled, stealthy, well-funded | Fancy Bear (Russia), APT Groups |
| Organized Crime Groups | Financial gain (ransomware, theft) | Professional, use ransomware-as-a-service | Conti ransomware gang |
| Hacktivists | Ideological or political disruption | Varied skill levels | Anonymous |
| Insider Threats | Revenge, profit, carelessness | Already have access, dangerous | Disgruntled |
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CARTOON
-Uvalde School Shooting (Texas, 2022): A gunman killed 21 people, including 19 young students. After the tragedy, many U.S. politicians still refused to change gun laws, showing how school shootings are becoming expected rather than shocking. This supports the cartoon's idea that society is becoming used to gun violence.
-NRA Convention (2022): Just days after Uvalde, the National Rifle Association (a powerful U.S. gun rights group) held a large meeting to promote gun rights and products.
Corporate governance
📌 Definition
Corporate governance is the system of rules, practices, and processes by which a company is directed and controlled. It involves balancing the interests of stakeholders such as shareholders, management, customers, suppliers, financiers, government, and the community.
🧩 Key Principles (OECD Framework)
- Transparency – Accurate and timely disclosure of financial and operational information.
- Accountability – Clear responsibilities and accountability of board and management.
- Fairness
unit two
Central Banking: Concept and Meaning
🔹 What is Central Banking?
Central Banking refers to the functions and activities carried out by a central bank, which is the main monetary authority of a country responsible for managing the currency, money supply, and interest rates. It acts as a regulator and supervisor of the banking system and plays a crucial role in the economic and financial stability of the country.
🔹 Meaning of Central Bank
A Central Bank is a government-owned or state-owned
unit one
India's banking system is a well-structured and regulated system overseen primarily by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Here's an overview of the banking system and its structure:
🏦 1. Regulatory Body: Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
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Established: 1935 (under the RBI Act, 1934)
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Role:
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Regulates the issue and supply of currency
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Acts as the banker to the government and commercial banks
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Formulates and implements monetary policy
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Supervises and regulates financial institutions and markets
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Instrumentation
Draw and explain working of ramp type ADC with block diagram and waveform.
Working Principle:
Start Signal: A start signal initializes the ramp generator and resets the counter.
Ramp Generation: The ramp generator starts generating the sawtooth waveform.
Comparison: The comparator continuously compares the ramp voltage with the analog input voltage.
Counting: As long as the ramp voltage is lower than the analog input, clock pulses are allowed to pass through the gate circuit and are counted by