Unit – I
1. Electronic Commerce
Electronic Commerce or E-Commerce refers to buying and selling goods and services through electronic networks, mainly the internet. It includes online shopping, online banking, electronic payments, ticket booking, and digital communication between businesses and customers. E-Commerce helps businesses reach customers worldwide without physical boundaries. It reduces paperwork, saves time, and improves efficiency. Companies use websites and mobile applications to
1. Pushbroom Architecture Pushbroom scanners use CCD or CMOS arrays consisting of thousands of detectors aligned perpendicular to flight direction. Each detector continuously images a specific ground pixel line as satellite moves forward.
2. Detector Material Types Silicon CCD is used for visible/NIR (0.4–1.1 µm), InGaAs for SWIR (1–1.7 µm), and Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) for thermal infrared. Each
Divergent evolution occurs when two or more related species become more different from each other over time, usually due to different environmental pressures. This results in the development of different adaptations that suit their environments. Example: Darwin’s Finches on the Galápagos Islands are an example of divergent evolution. Although they all evolved from a common ancestor, the finches’ beaks became specialized for different food sources on each island, leading to the formation of
...1. n=(x) store something in something
2, Difedad= с()-c()
3. to change to character/n: c()=as.(what to change)(c())
4. rm(variable) remove from memory / rm(list=1s()) - delete everything - 1s() shows all variables
5. == Is sum equal to sum
6. NAN (not a number) - undefined mathematical operation
7. Z=NA missing a number
8. Vector: variable=c(...) DONT FORGET IF "" OR NO
9. Obtain single value from vector [x]
10. Obtaining range of elements: variable [x:y]
EXERCISE 1 MKT campaigns IF!
Q1. Define Income under the Income Tax Act. Explain the features of income with suitable examples.
Definition:
Under Section 2(24) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, income is defined inclusively. It includes salary, business profits, dividends, capital gains, lottery winnings, perquisites, gifts, and other monetary benefits.
Features of Income:
1. Periodicity: Income may be regular or occasional.
Example: Monthly salary or lottery winnings.
2. Definite Source: Income must arise from a source such
O IRS, o IMT e o IVA são impostos do sistema fiscal português, mas apresentam diferentes características e classificações.
O IRS — Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares — é um imposto direto, pessoal, progressivo, estadual e periódico. É direto porque incide diretamente sobre o rendimento dos contribuintes; pessoal porque considera a situação familiar e económica do sujeito passivo;
...1. Basic Concepts of Income Tax
Income tax is a direct tax imposed by the government on the income earned by individuals, firms, companies, and other entities. In India, income tax is governed by the Income Tax Act, 1961. The main purpose of income tax is to generate revenue for the government so that it can provide public services such as education, healthcare, roads, defense, and welfare schemes. Every person whose income exceeds the prescribed exemption limit is required to pay income tax.
Some
Global health refers to the health status of people across the world and the efforts made to improve health conditions for all populations, despite advancements in medicine and technology, poor global health remains a major challenge, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries, it is caused by a combination of economic, social, environmental, political, and lifestyle-related factors that affect individuals and communities