Concept of bhartvash
Here is a breakdown of the concept:
1. Origin and Meaning
* Etymology: The word is derived from two Sanskrit terms:
* Bharata: Refers to a legendary emperor mentioned in texts like the Mahabharata and Puranas. He is traditionally regarded as the ancestor of the Indian people, and the land was named after him. The name is also mentioned in the Rig Veda associated with the Bharata tribe.
* Varsha: Means a land, region, or division of the earth.
* Translation: Bharatvarsha
🧠 Computer Memory Systems
Computer memory is essential for storing data and instructions. It is measured and organized using specific terminologies and a hierarchical structure.
1. Fundamental Memory Concepts
A. Basic Units of Data Storage
The smallest addressable units of data in a computer are based on the binary system:
| Unit | Size | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Bit (Binary Digit) | 1 | The smallest unit of data, represented as either a 0 or a 1. |
| Nibble | 4 bits | Half of a byte; often corresponds
Ans: The three scales of temperature are:
(i) Celsius
(ii) Fahrenheit
(iii) Kelvin
Ans: The temperature and hotness of a body are related.
The more hot a substance is, the higher is its temperature.
Ans: Because if the eye is not at the level of the mercury, the reading will not be...
Direct Materials and Labor: Materials price variance = (AP - SP) x AQ \\ Materials Quantity Variance = (AQ - SQ) x SP \\ Materials Spending Variance MPV + MQV \\ Labor Rate Variance = (AR-SR) x AH \\ Labor Efficiency Variance = (AH - SH) x SR \\ Labor Spending Variance = LRV + LEV \\
Standard Hours and Cost: Standard Hours Allowed = standard hours per unit x actual output \\ standard cost allowed = SQ x SP or SH x SR
Variable and Fixed Overhead: VOH Spending Variance = AVOH - (AH x SR)
...lim x->0 sinx/x = 1 | H.A.: compare degrees | V.A.: denom = 0 | Continuous if: f(a), lim, equal
DERIVATIVES: (x^n)'=nx^(n-1), (e^x)'=e^x, (a^x)'=a^x ln a, (lnx)'=1/x | (uv)'=u'v+uv', (u/v)'=(u'v-uv')/v^2 |chain: (f(g(x)))'=f'(g(x))g'(x)
TRIG DERIVATIVES: (sin)'=cos, (cos)'=-sin, (tan)'=sec^2 | (sec)'=sec·tan, (csc)'=-csc·cot, (cot)'=-csc^2
CRITICAL POINTS:f'=0 or DNE ⇒ crit pt | f'>0 inc | f'<0 dec | f''>0 conc up | f''<0 conc down | inflec = f'' signchange
INTEGRATION: ∫x^
Shows concepts only: classes, attributes, associations, multiplicities.
No methods, no UI, no controllers.
Purpose: understand the real-world objects.
Actor ↔ System interaction.
Verb+noun name.
Format: Actor step vs System step.
Use cases → sequence diagrams → class diagrams.
🔵 UML CLASS DIAGRAM (Module 7)
Class: name, attributes, methods.
Association: line with multiplicity (1, 0..1, , 1..).
Inheritance: open triangle
B. Writing Essays
1. Essay on National Unity
National unity is the foundation of peace, progress, and stability in any nation. It is the feeling of togetherness, harmony, and mutual understanding among people belonging to different castes, religions, languages, and regions. In a country like Nepal, where people follow diverse traditions and lifestyles, national unity becomes even more important. Unity helps citizens work together for common goals, protects the nation’s identity, and strengthens...
overview of global fixed income markets
classification by type of issuer, classification by credit quality, classification by maturity, classification by currency, classification by type of coupon, classification by geography , tax-based classification
primary and secondary bond markets
primary market: where issuers sell new bonds to raise capital. issues may be through public offerings or private placements. in a public offering, investment banks help the issuer. in an underwritten (firm commitment)