Q2) Companies do not set a single price but a pricing structure. Explain.
A pricing structure means a company sets different prices for different segments, products, regions, seasons, channels or customer groups instead of one uniform price.
Reasons:
1. Market Segmentation: Different customers have different willingness to pay (students, premium buyers, rural/urban).
2. Product Line Pricing: Different versions of a product need different prices (basic, deluxe).
3. Geographical Pricing: Transport
Roles of International agency
1. Provide early warning systems & global alerts 2. Set international guidelines like Sendai Framework 3. Offer rapid relief teams such as UNDAC & IFRC 4. Supply humanitarian aid including food, water, shelter 5. Give financial assistance through World Bank, ADB, IMF 6. Conduct post-disaster damage & needs assessment (PDNA) 7. Support technical expertise, research & training via UNDP, WHO 8. Coordinate cross-border disaster response among countries 9.
PAGE 1 — Victorian Realism
Victorian Realism (1837–1901)
Main authors :
– Charles Dickens : Oliver Twist, Bleak House
– Charlotte Brontë : Jane Eyre
– Emily Brontë : Wuthering Heights
– Virginia Woolf : Mrs Dalloway
➤ Focuses on social issues (poverty, injustice)
➤ Realistic city setting (London)
➤ Precise, vivid description
“Bleak House” — Charles Dickens (1852–3)
Movement in passage : Panoramic → zoom on details
➤ immersive
➤ Circular movement around London, vivid
...Epoka w historii kultury XVIII wieku (w Polsce: ok. 1740–1822).
W centrum: rozum, nauka, edukacja, wiara w postęp.
Krytyka przesądów, fanatyzmu, nadużyć władzy i Kościoła.
Rozwój prasy, encyklopedii, programów edukacyjnych.
W Polsce: reformy (KEN, Sejm Czteroletni), satyra społeczna, powieść, poematy dydaktyczne.
Wzorce antyczne, harmonia, umiar, ład, jasność.
Gatunki: tragedia,
1. Two-Nation Theory
Introduction:
The Two-Nation Theory is the ideological foundation of Pakistan. It declares that Hindus and Muslims of the subcontinent were two distinct nations with different religions, cultures, traditions, and social systems. Therefore, Muslims required a separate homeland to safeguard their identity and political rights. The theory strengthened during British rule and finally led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Historical Background:
Arrival of Islam in 712 A.D. introduced
Q) How binary search is different from linear search?
| Linear Search | Binary Search |
|---|---|
| 1. Checks each element one by one from start to end. | 1. Repeatedly divides the sorted list into halves to find the element. |
| 2. Works on unsorted or sorted lists. | 2. Works only on sorted lists. |
| 3. Time complexity is O(n). | 3. Time complexity is O(log n) (much faster). |
| 4. Simple and easy to implement. | 4. Slightly more complex due to mid calculations. |
| 5. Inefficient for large datasets. | 5. Highly efficient |
The scope of business economics includes demand and supply analysis, cost and production analysis, market and pricing decisions, profit management, and strategic planning. It provides the tools to analyze business problems, predict outcomes, and make better-informed decisions regarding resource allocation, production, and market positioning.
Key areas in the scope of business economics:
Demand and supply analysis: This involves studying customer behavior to forecast future demand, which is crucial
Q) How the choice of pivot element effects the running time of quick sort algorithm?
The choice of the pivot in Quick Sort directly affects the balance of the partition and therefore its running time:
Good pivot (middle value): Produces nearly equal partitions, leading to O(n log n) time.
Bad pivot (smallest or largest element): Produces highly unbalanced partitions, leading to O(n²) time.
Thus, choosing an appropriate pivot (like median or using randomization) improves average performance.