Documents shared by Anónimo

Principals of Formulation 1. Clearly define the objective and boundary of the process system. 2. Identify all important variables such as pressure, temperature, flow rate, and concentration. 3. Apply basic conservation laws like mass balance, energy balance, and momentum balance. 4. Make suitable assumptions to simplify the model (steady state, ideal mixing, negligible heat loss, etc.). 5. Establish mathematical relationships between variables using physical and chemical laws. 6. Include process

Really moving beyond the individual now! Organizations, insititutions and structures. Start by thinking about development of society Types of Societies (1): What differentiates types of societies? One answer: their mode of production Mode of production = how a society gets/makes the stuff its people need. anowher answer: their size & complexity. Size = numeber of people. Complexity = number and type of institutions. Premodern / Pre-industrial. Modern / Industrial. Postmodern / Post-industrial.

1. Schuman-Plan (1950)

Frankreichs Außenminister Schuman will Kohle & Stahl gemeinsam verwalten – damit Frankreich und Deutschland nie wieder Krieg führen.

2. Gründung der EGKS (1951/1952)
Vertrag von Paris: 6 Länder (D, F, I, NL, B, LUX) gründen die Montanunion (Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl).

3. Römische Verträge (1957)
Gründung der EWG (Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft) und EURATOM (Atomgemeinschaft). Ziel: Gemeinsamer Markt.

4. Zollunion (1968)
Alle Zölle zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten

Honourable teachers, respected guests, and my beloved classmates, Class of 2026,

If someone had told us a few years ago that this would be the moment we would all stand here together, at the end of this journey, I don’t think many of us would have fully believed it. Back then, everything felt so far away. Graduation felt like something that only happened in movies or to older people who somehow had life figured out. But now we are here, and I think one of the strangest things about growing up

E-commerce (electronic commerce) refers to the buying and selling of goods or services over the internet, categorized into four primary models—B2B, B2C, C2C, and C2B—based on the parties involved. 

These models form the backbone of the modern digital economy, driving global trade, consumer convenience, and new income streams.
Primary Types of E-Commerce
.Business-to-Business (B2B)Definition: Transactions conducted between two businesses, such as a manufacturer and wholesaler, or a wholesaler

In developmental biology, the journey from a stem cell to a specialized tissue involves a series of progressive "decisions" and physical changes.
### 1. Competence, Determination, and Differentiation
These three concepts describe the "identity crisis" a cell goes through as it matures.
#### **Competence**
Competence is a cell's **ability to respond** to a specific developmental signal or "inducer." It is a state of readiness.
 * **The Mechanism:** For a cell to be competent, it must have the necessary

In evolutionary biology, changes occur at different scales and timeframes. These scales—micro, macro, and mega-evolution—describe the hierarchy of biological change from a single gene to the development of entirely new body plans.
### 1. Micro-evolution
Micro-evolution refers to small-scale changes in **allele frequencies** within a single population over a relatively short period (a few generations). These changes do not result in a new species but rather adaptations within the existing one.
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