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🧠 OPERATING SYSTEM LAB – Viva Questions 🔹 Basic OS Concepts 1. What is an Operating System? 2. What are the main functions of an OS? 3. What is a process? 4. Difference between process and program? |
1. Common Base (CB) Configuration Characteristics
Circuit Description:
In the Common Base configuration, the input is applied between the Emitter (E) and Base (B), and the output is taken between the Collector (C) and Base (B). The Base terminal is common to both input and output. The emitter-base junction is forward-biased, and the collector-base junction is reverse-biased for active region operation.
Input Characteristics:
• Definition: Graph of Emitter Current (I_E) versus Emitter-Base Voltage...
1. What is a diode biasing? Explain 2 types of biasing (forward & reverse).
Diode biasing is the process of applying an external DC voltage to a PN junction diode to control its operation and determine whether it will allow or block the flow of electric current.
The two types of biasing are:
Forward Biasing:
Connection: The positive terminal of the external voltage source is connected to the P-type material, and the negative terminal is connected to the N-type material.
Operation: This applied...
0Quiz Questions
Agriculture arose in North America (and Western hemisphere more generally):Nearly simultaneously as in Asia/eastern hemisphere.
The crops most commonly grown by Native Americans, also called the "Three Sisters," include all of the following except: Wheat
What is the best term to describe Native American ancestry/descent?: Matrilineal
What was the name of the largest city in the Mississippian Empire?: Cahokia
What is the name of the Native American group who lived in Chaco Canyon?
... Classical Free Electron Theory and Assumptions
The Classical Free Electron Theory (or Drude-Lorentz model) treats a metal as a container of free electrons (an "electron gas") moving randomly within a fixed lattice of positive ions. When an external electric field is applied, these electrons experience a force and "drift" in the opposite direction, creating a current.
Assumptions:
Classical Mechanics: The free electrons are treated as classical particles and obey Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics.
Free
...COMPTON EFFECT
The Compton effect is the scattering of a high-frequency photon (like an X-ray or gamma-ray) after it collides with a charged particle, typically an electron. During this collision, the photon transfers some of its energy and momentum to the electron. As a result, the scattered photon has less energy and therefore a longer wavelength (λ') than the incident photon (λ).
The change in wavelength, or Compton shift, is given by: Δλ = λ' - λ = (h / m_e c) * (1 - cosθ)
where: h =...
Economy of Mechanism — Keep it small & simple.
Do: Minimize features/LoC in the TCB.
Don’t: Add non‑critical features in the critical path.
Why: Fewer bugs, easier audits.
Ex: Remove optional TLS extensions; use minimal parsing.
Fail‑Safe Defaults — Default deny; whitelist not blacklist.
Do: Permit only when explicitly allowed; fail‑closed on errors.
Don’t: Expose services publicly by default.
Ex: Firewalls drop by default; S3 buckets private
It gives a common checklist and language for quality (like usability, reliability, security), so teams set clear goals. It breaks each into measurable sub-points, which guide design and testing. Result: better coverage, fewer surprises, and software built and verified against the right qualities.
Apache Ant, it improves Maintainability → Modifiability because the build logic lives in one XML file that’s easy to change, and Portability → Installability because scripted one-command builds