Documents shared by Anónimo

1a)illustrate AND - OR - INVERTER based 4 to 1 mux and write the Verilog description and its stimulus code
#verilog description:
module mux4_to_1(out,i0,i1,i1,i3,s1,s0);
output out;
input i0,i1,i2,i3;
input s1,s0;
wire s1n , s0n;
wire y0,y1,y2,y3;
not (sin,s1);
not(s0n,s0);
and (y0,i0,sin,s0n);
and(y1,i1,sin,s0);
and(y2,i2,s1,s0n);
and(y3,i3,s1,s0);
or(out,y0,y1,y2,y3);

#stimulus 

module stimulus
reg INO, INI, IN2, IN3;
reg s1,so;
wire OUTPUT;
mux 4_to_1 mymux(OUTPUT, INO, INI, IN2, IN3, s1,s0);
initial
begin
INO =

FIXATION OF HISTOLOGY SAMPLE

Fixation is the first step of any histological and cytological laboratory technique.It is the process by which the cells in the tissue are fixed in a chemical and physical state, and all the biochemical and proteolytic activities within the cells are prevented so that the cells or tissues can resist any morphological change or distortion or decomposition after subsequent treatment with various reagents.

AIMS OF FIXATION : To preserve the tissue nearest to its living

Panel data 

🧩 CHAPTER 1 – PANEL DATA MODELS (Exam-Oriented Summary)

🔹 1. General Model

yit=αi+Xit′β+ϵity_{it} = \alpha_i + X_{it}'\beta + \epsilon_{it}yit​=αi​+Xit′​β+ϵit​

• αi\alpha_iαi​: individual-specific time-invariant effect

• Goal: estimate β\betaβ despite unobserved heterogeneity

🔹 2. Fixed Effects (FE) Estimator

Methods:

• LSDV (Least Squares Dummy Variables): not feasible for large NNN

• Within estimator:

yit−yˉi=(Xit−Xˉi)β+(ϵit−ϵˉi)y_

База 20

Introduction

Human rights are universal entitlements, ensuring every individual can live with dignity, freedom, and equality. Yet across the globe, these rights are too often violated—whether by a state overstepping its authority or by non-state actors acting with malicious intent. Redressal mechanisms form the backbone of accountability, offering both legal recourse and societal remediation when violations occur. This document examines how violations by the State, by private individuals and groups,

(a) Limitations of Using Press Tools

1. High Initial Cost: The design and manufacture of press tools involve significant capital investment.

2. Limited Flexibility: Press tools are generally designed for specific parts, making them unsuitable for small batch production or frequent design changes.

3. Tool Wear and Maintenance: Press tools experience wear and tear and require regular maintenance and sharpening.

4. Material Restrictions: Only materials with suitable ductility and thickness can be processed