In computer graphics, **output primitives** are the basic geometric structures used to describe and construct images. The simplest primitives are **Points** and **Lines**.
Before these primitives can be displayed on a screen, they must undergo **scan conversion**—the process of digitizing a continuous geometric shape into a discrete grid of screen pixels.
## 1. Points and Lines
### Points
A point is a zero-dimensional geometric object. In a digital system, a point is represented by an ordered pair

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In computer graphics, architecture displays are fundamentally divided into two categories based on how the electron beam (or display processor) constructs and refreshes the image on the screen: **Raster-Scan Systems** and **Random-Scan (Vector/Stroke/Calligraphic) Systems**.
## 1. Raster-Scan System
A **Raster-Scan System** is the most common type of display graphics architecture (used in modern TVs, computer monitors, and smartphones).
### How it Works
The electron beam sweeps across the screen **one

## Introduction to Computer Graphics (CG)
Computer Graphics (CG) is the art and science of communicating information or ideas through digital images. It involves the generation, representation, manipulation, and display of pictorial data using computers. From simple 2D line drawings to hyper-realistic 3D animations, computer graphics has transformed how we interact with technology.
## History of Computer Graphics
The evolution of computer graphics spans several decades, moving from massive, specialized

UNIT 1 – Q1: Evolution and Importance of Behavioural Finance

OR

“Behavioural Challenges Have Reduced the Efficiency of Traditional Finance Theories; Hence Behavioural Finance Has Evolved and Gained Importance in the Modern Business Environment.” Discuss.

Introduction

Finance has traditionally been based on the assumption that investors are rational and always make decisions that maximize their wealth. Traditional finance theories such as Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), Capital Asset Pricing

The ISO 9001:2000 standard has eight clauses, of which the last five are requirements that an organization must meet. The eight requirements (clauses) are:
1. Scope
- Demonstrates the organization’s ability to provide a product meeting customer and regulatory requirements, and to achieve customer satisfaction.
2. Normative References
- Refers to ISO 9000:2000 (Fundamentals and vocabulary) for applicable concepts and definitions.
3. Terms and Definitions
- Uses the terminology defined in ISO 9000:2000.