Unit 3a
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Definition
Sedimentary structures are physical features formed during or just after deposition of sediments.
They give information about:
Depositional environment
Direction of current
Energy conditions
Younging direction of strata
1. Bedding
Bedding refers to layering in sedimentary rocks.
Each layer is called a bed.
Beds form when one layer of sediment is deposited over another.
Bedding planes separate beds of different composition, texture or color.
Thickness of
1. Sedimentary Basins-A sedimentary basin is a low-lying area of the Earth’s crust It undergoes subsidence and accumulates sediments over geological time
Sediments may be clastic, chemical or biogenic
Basins preserve information about tectonics, climate, provenance and resources
2. Physiography of India and Basin Settings
India shows diverse physiographic divisions
Major units:Himalayan orogenic belt,Indo-Gangetic plain
Peninsular craton,Coastal plains,Continental shelf and deep sea
Basin formation
(a) Why is Krumbein’s logarithmic transformation necessary? Grain size data are not normally distributed but are skewed. Krumbein introduced the phi (φ) scale to convert grain size into a logarithmic form. φ = −log₂ (grain diameter in mm). This transformation simplifies statistical analysis of sediments. It helps in easy comparison of grain size parameters like mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis.
(b) How are sediments transported by rivers?
Sediments are transported by rivers in four
distillation:-Distillation is a process by which a liquid mixture is separated into fractions with higher concentrations of certain components by exploiting differences in relative volatility Distillation is a separation process used to separate components of a liquid mixture based on differences in their boiling points. The process involves heating the mixture to vaporize the most volatile component(s), followed by cooling the vapor to condense it back into liquid form, thereby isolating the different
1. What is Reynold's number? Give its importance. Reynold's number is a dimensionless number used to predict flow patterns in fluid dynamics. It is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. A low Reynold's number indicates laminar flow, while a high number indicates turbulent flow. It helps in designing and analyzing fluid flow systems.
2. What are heat exchangers? Give their types. Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat between two or more fluids without mixing them. Types include
*Anti-arrhythmic drugs*
Anti-arrhythmic drugs are medications used to treat abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). They work by modifying the electrical activity of the heart.
Classification:
1. Class I: Sodium channel blockers
(e.g., Quinidine, Lidocaine)
2. Class II: Beta blockers (e.g., Propranolol)
3. Class III: Potassium channel blockers (e.g., Amiodarone)
4. Class IV: Calcium channel blockers (e.g., Verapamil)
*Anticoagulants*
Anticoagulants are drugs that prevent blood clotting.
- Warfarin:
...NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) are a class of meds that reduce inflammation, pain, and fever. They're like the ultimate pain relief squad.
*Classification:*
- *Non-selective COX inhibitors*:
- Aspirin: -Ibuprofen -Diclofenac -Naproxen
- *COX-2 selective inhibitors*:
- Celecoxib-Etoricoxib
*Pharmacology of Aspirin:*
- *Mechanism*: Aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis, which leads to decreased pain, inflammation, and fever...
Provinces: BC, AB, SK, MB, ON, QC, NB, NS, PEI, NL
Territories: YT, NT, NU
Capital of Canada: Ottawa
ON – Toronto
QC – Québec City
BC – Victoria
AB – Edmonton
MB – Winnipeg
SK – Regina
NS – Halifax
NB – Fredericton
PEI – Charlottetown
NL – St. John’s
Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic Oceans
Hudson Bay
Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior)
St. Lawrence River
Gulf of St. Lawrence
Oldest Geological Era: Precambrian