When rendering a 3D scene onto a 2D screen, objects closer to the camera must obscure objects that are behind them. Identifying and removing parts of a scene that are blocked from view is called **Hidden Surface Elimination** (or Visible Surface Detection).
These techniques are divided into two categories: **Object-Space methods** (which analyze physical geometry in 3D coordinates) and **Image-Space methods** (which work pixel-by-pixel in 2D screen coordinates).
## 1. Back-Face Removal (Object-Space)
## 1. Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm
As covered briefly in our overview, the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm is a highly efficient line-clipping method that uses a **4-bit binary region code (Outcode)** to categorize where the endpoints of a line lie relative to a rectangular window.
### The 9-Region Outcode Breakdown
The clipping window boundaries (x_{\text{min}}, x_{\text{max}}, y_{\text{min}}, y_{\text{max}}) divide the 2D world space into 9 distinct regions. Each region is assigned a 4-bit
In computer graphics, **output primitives** are the basic geometric structures used to describe and construct images. The simplest primitives are **Points** and **Lines**.
Before these primitives can be displayed on a screen, they must undergo **scan conversion**—the process of digitizing a continuous geometric shape into a discrete grid of screen pixels.
## 1. Points and Lines
### Points
A point is a zero-dimensional geometric object. In a digital system, a point is represented by an ordered pair
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In computer graphics, architecture displays are fundamentally divided into two categories based on how the electron beam (or display processor) constructs and refreshes the image on the screen: **Raster-Scan Systems** and **Random-Scan (Vector/Stroke/Calligraphic) Systems**.
## 1. Raster-Scan System
A **Raster-Scan System** is the most common type of display graphics architecture (used in modern TVs, computer monitors, and smartphones).
### How it Works
The electron beam sweeps across the screen **one
## Introduction to Computer Graphics (CG)
Computer Graphics (CG) is the art and science of communicating information or ideas through digital images. It involves the generation, representation, manipulation, and display of pictorial data using computers. From simple 2D line drawings to hyper-realistic 3D animations, computer graphics has transformed how we interact with technology.
## History of Computer Graphics
The evolution of computer graphics spans several decades, moving from massive, specialized
The United Nations (UN) is the most important international organization in the world. It was established on 24 October 1945 after the Second World War with the objective of maintaining international peace and security, promoting friendly relations among nations, and encouraging international cooperation. The headquarters of the United Nations is located in New York, USA. At present, it has almost all sovereign states...
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was established in 1949. It is a military alliance formed for collective security among member states. Its headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium. An attack on one member is considered an attack on all members. NATO aims to maintain peace and security in the North Atlantic region. It remains one of the most powerful military alliances in the world.
Many scholars have contributed to the study of International...
Finance has traditionally been based on the assumption that investors are rational and always make decisions that maximize their wealth. Traditional finance theories such as Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), Capital Asset Pricing