Titration: A technique to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.
End Point: The point in a titration at which the indicator changes color, signaling that the reaction is complete.
Equivalent Point: The exact point at which the amount of titrant is chemically equivalent to the substance being titrated.
Titration Error: The difference between the end point and the equivalence point.
Normality (N): The number of gram equivalents of solute per
Aim: Observe cells and subcellular structures.
Add specimen (e.g. onion epidermis) on slide.Stain (e.g. iodine) to highlight structures. Lower cover slip at an angle (reduce air bubbles). Use low → high magnification.Focus using coarse → fine adjustment.Label parts of microscope.Calculate magnification Measure size using scale bar.Differences between plant and animal cells.Why stain? (to see organelles like nucleus)
Aim: Investigate osmosis using potato cylinders in different sugar solutions.
...Microscope
-Ocular Lens: remagnifies image formed by objective lens
-Objective lens: primary lens that magnifies specimen
-Condenser: focuses light through specimen
-Diaphragm: controls amount of light entering condenser
-Coarse/fine: used to focus specimen, changes distance between the objective lens and specimen. Coarse only for 4x.
-Scanning lens 4x (shortest lens)
-Low power pens 10x
-High power lens (40x)
-Oil lens 100x (longest lens)
-Iris diaphragm: holds condenser lenses, controls amount
Process of creating abstract graphical models of a system.
Goal: Understand and communicate different views (perspectives).
Common Language: UML (Unified Modeling Language)
| Perspective | Description |
|---|---|
| External | Models system environment/context |
| Interaction | Shows how system components/users interact |
| Structural | Shows how the system or data is organized |
| Behavioral | Shows how the system behaves/reacts to events |
Definition (IEEE): The fundamental organization of a software system, including components, relationships, and design principles.
Purpose: To ensure reliability, efficiency, security, and maintainability.
Goal: Design the system’s overall structure and its communication.
Outputs: Architectural model showing component interaction.
Key Link: Connects requirements to design.
🧊 Lab 8 – Temperature and Microbial Growth
Key Concepts:
•Psychrophiles grow best between 0–20°C. Often found in cold environments like glaciers.
•Mesophiles prefer 20–45°C. These include human pathogens like E. coli.
•Thermophiles thrive at 55°C or higher. They’re often found in hot springs.
Materials & What They Do:
•Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB): A nutrient-rich medium that supports bacterial growth.
•Incubators set to different temperatures (4°C, 25°C, 37°C, 55°C):
Uno de los temas centrales de la película es el enfrentamiento entre el mundo indígena y el occidental. Este choque no se presenta solo como un conflicto violento, sino como un malentendido profundo entre dos formas de ver el mundo. Por ejemplo, cuando Theo intenta ofrecerle una brújula a Karamakate como pago por su ayuda, el chamán se niega rotundamente, argumentando que introducir objetos así entre su gente destruiría sus conocimientos tradicionales de navegación por
1. Recurrent Expenditure Recurrent expenditure is related to the expenditure of the government on regular expenditure activities of the country like the payment of salaries, pensions, interest on internal and external loans, etc. It is also known as the regular or administrative expenditure. a.Constitutional organs: It covers the expenditure on State Council, Parliament Secretariat, Supreme Court, Election Commission, Auditor General Office, Law Council, Office of Attorney General, etc. b.General