There are seven continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Australia.

There are five major oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean.

• low-income economies (LICs)

less than > 1036

• middle-income economies (MICS)

1036< and < 12535

• high-income economies (HICS)

< 12535

Sustainability refers to meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

1.  Demography as a science

Demography is a social science that studies the population and the laws of its development. It focuses on how many people live in a certain territory, how this population is structured, and how it changes over time. Demography does not look only at numbers, but also tries to understand why these changes happen and what consequences they bring for society.

First of all, demography studies the size of the population, its composition and its distribution. Composition means

What is Law? Law is a set of rules created by a government to control behavior in society. It keeps people safe, resolves conflicts fairly, and protects rights. Breaking a law leads to consequences such as fines or jail. Example: Stopping at a red light prevents accidents.

What is Criminality? Criminality is the act of breaking the law. These actions harm society as a whole, not just individuals. The government investigates and punishes crimes. Example: Stealing from a store is a crime against the

/******************************************************
 FORMATIVE EXAM
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#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

/******************************************************
 * QUESTION 3: ENUM FOR GENRE
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enum class Genre {
    Science,
    Fiction,

Iris Marion Young was a prominent political philosopher whose critical thinking significantly influenced contemporary debates on justice, democracy, and social oppression. Her work is marked by a sustained critique of traditional liberal political theory and an emphasis on structural injustice and the lived experiences of marginalized groups.==A central aspect of Young’s critical thinking is her rejection of ideal theory, particularly theories of justice that focus only on abstract principles

Functional Dependency:- In DBMS, a functional dependency is a relationship between two sets of attributes in a relation. It shows how one attribute or a set of attributes uniquely determines another attribute. It is written as X → Y, which means attribute X determines attribute Y. Functional dependency is the basic concept used in normalization to reduce redundancy and maintain data consistency.

Types of Functional Dependency

1. Trivial Functional Dependency:- A functional dependency is called

Q1. Why is political inquiry important in social science research? Discuss the role of interpretation in political analysis.

Political inquiry occupies a central position within social science research as it seeks to systematically study power, authority, institutions, political behaviour, and decision-making processes that shape social life. Unlike common-sense explanations or ideological assertions, political inquiry relies on methodical investigation, theoretical frameworks, and empirical or

Here is the translation of your text regarding Sovereignty into English:
Meaning of Sovereignty
Sovereignty refers to the supreme and ultimate power of a State, by which it possesses the complete right to create, implement, and adjudicate laws within its territory without any external interference. It is one of the essential elements of a State; without it, the concept of a State is not possible.
 * Absolute Authority: The supreme and indivisible authority of a ruler or government over a state or