📂 Linux File System Explained
The Linux file system is a hierarchical structure that organizes data on storage devices. Unlike Windows, which uses drive letters (C:, D:), Linux uses a single, unified structure starting from the root directory (/).
1. Linux Files, Inodes, and Structure
A. Linux Files
In Linux, everything is treated as a file, which simplifies system interaction. This includes:
* Regular Files: Text files, executable programs, images, documents.
* Directories: Special files that
🐧 Introduction to Linux
Linux is a powerful, open-source operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel. It's used everywhere, from supercomputers and servers to mobile devices and embedded systems. Unlike proprietary operating systems like Windows or macOS, Linux's source code is freely available, which allows anyone to modify and distribute it.
💻 Overview of the Linux Operating System
The Linux OS is generally structured in several key layers:
* Hardware Layer: This is the physical machine,
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Concept |
Author(s) |
Exact / Course Definition |
Expanded Explanation |
Detailed Example (Exam-Ready) |
|
Panopticon |
Jeremy Bentham / Michel Foucault |
A design for a circular prison in which all inmates can be observed by a single guard without knowing when they are being watched. |
Concept illustrates visibility as a method of social control; the uncertainty produces self-regulation. |
CCTV in public spaces makes people behave as though they are constantly monitored. |
|
Panopticism |
A Flip-Flop is a basic sequential circuit used to store one bit of data (0 or 1). Unlike combinational circuits, the output of a flip-flop depends on:
• Present input • Previous output (memory) • Clock signal
Flip-flops are the building blocks of registers, counters, and memory units.
1. RS (Set-Reset) Flip-Flop:- RS flip-flop has two inputs: • S(Set) •R(Reset)
Working:- S = 1 → Output is set to 1
R = 1 → Output is reset to 0
S = R = 0 → No change
S = R = 1 → Invalid
1. Energy & Systems (Week 3–4)
Energy is a real, quantifiable physical quantity
Exists in many forms:
Kinetic, Potential, Thermal, Electromagnetic, Nuclear, Chemical, Sound
Energy can change form, but total energy is conserved
Open system: exchanges both energy AND mass
Closed system: exchanges energy only
Isolated system: exchanges neither energy nor mass
Scale & Duration matter
A system may look isolated on short timescales but open on long ones.
2. Sound energy is described by intensity
Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, was an ancient Indian polymath, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor. He served as the chief advisor to the founder of the Maurya Empire, Chandragupta Maurya (c. 375–283 BCE).
Key Work: The Arthashastra (c. 3rd century BCE).
Main Contributions:
Political Science and Statecraft: The Arthashastra is a seminal text on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. Kautilya's philosophy revolves around the
The debate between biological determinism and social constructivism lies at the heart of feminist theory because it concerns the very basis on which gender inequality is justified and reproduced. Biological determinism argues that men and women behave differently because of innate biological differences—chromosomes, reproductive roles, hormones or evolutionary instincts. This perspective historically
NoSQL databases are broadly categorized into different types, with document-based and column-based models being among the most widely used. Document-based databases, such as MongoDB, store data in flexible, self-describing documents—typically in JSON or BSON format—allowing complex, nested structures and varying fields for different records within the same collection. This flexibility supports agile development and easy mapping to application objects, making it ideal for applications with evolving
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