MODULE I: Foundational Frameworks & Surveillance Systems
1. Fundamental Principles & Triads
Epidemiology Definition: The systematic study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.
Descriptive Epidemiology Triad (The 3 Ws):
Person: Who is getting sick? (Age, biological sex, occupation, socioeconomic status, vaccination status).
Place: Where is the disease occurring?
Вопрос 1. Государство: понятие, плюрализм, признаки
Понятие и плюрализм:
Государство — это сложное, исторически развивающееся общественно-политическое явление. Сложность его понимания порождает плюрализм, то есть множество подходов. Юридическая школа рассматривает государство...
Cestode- Infective stage, Diagonistic stage,KeyID
diphyllobthrium latum - fish tape worm, LC, unembryonated egg passes in feces, egg embronate in water, coracidia hatch and eaten by crustanceans, in body of crustance, plerocercoid larva forms in fish, human eats raw or undercook fish, adults live in small int,( Operculated eggs; scolex has two groove-like bothria
Taenia saginata- Beef worm , Taenia solium — Pork tapeworm
Eggs pass in feces , cattle eat eggs , oncosphere enters cattle tissues
Avoir – hebben, avoir, eu Être – zijn, avoir, été Aller – gaan, être, allé(e) Faire – doen / maken, avoir, fait Devoir – moeten, avoir, dû Mettre – zetten / aandoen, avoir, mis Connaître – kennen, avoir, connu Vouloir – willen, avoir, voulu Conduire – rijden / besturen, avoir, conduit Venir – komen, être, venu(e) Croire – geloven, avoir, cru Pouvoir – kunnen, avoir, pu Prendre...
1. Kautilya's Arthashastra Store Maintenance (Koshagara)
Kautilya calls warehouse/store as Koshagara & Koshthagara.
Centralized System: All goods collected as tax in kind (grains, textiles, metals) were stored in central warehouses under the officer called Koshadhyaksha.
Construction: Store should be built on high ground, safe from flood, fire and theft. With secret emergency exits.
Classification: Stores were classified as - Dhanya Kosh (grains), Dravya Kosh (raw materials), Shastra Kosh
SOURCES AND ESTIMATION OFREVENUE ?
Detailed Explanation
1. Land and Agricultural Revenue
• Agriculture was an important economic base. Revenue from cultivated land formed a major part of State income.
• Assessment was connected with agricultural production and the State’s share in the produce
2. Trade and Commercial Taxes
• The State could obtain revenue from trade, markets and commercial activities.
• Taxes or duties on goods entering, leaving or being sold in markets could provide regular
System Hardware & Software Architecture 1.1.1 Computer Hardware — Internal Components and the Input–Process–Output Model A computer can be understood as an Input → Process → Output (I-P-O) system: it accepts raw data, works on it, and produces a result. • Input Unit: devices that feed data and instructions into the computer, e.g. keyboard, mouse, scanner. • Central Processing Unit (CPU): the “brain” of the computer; it fetches, decodes and executes instructions. It has
A manufacturing system is an organized arrangement of men, machines, materials, methods, and equipment used to convert raw materials into finished products.
Characteristics : 1) Transformation: Converts raw materials into finished, usable products.
2) Resource Integration: Coordinates human labour, machinery, materials, and processes efficiently.
3) Goal & Quality Focus: Aims to achieve specific production quantities