UNIT 1: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives (13 Lectures)
1. Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Oxidation Reactions:
Primary alcohols → Carboxylic acids (using KMnO₄, CrO₃, etc.)
Aldehydes → Carboxylic acids
Ketones (via haloform reaction in methyl ketones)
Ester Hydrolysis:
Acidic hydrolysis: RCOOR’ + H₂O → RCOOH + R’OH
Alkaline hydrolysis (saponification): RCOOR’ + OH⁻ → RCOO⁻ + R’OH
2. Important Reactions
Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction:
α-halogenation...
Frage № 1: l ✓hierMeinungsfreiheitgilt.
Frage № 2✓Religionsunterrichtteilnimmt.
Frage № 3: D✓AlleEinwohner / EinwohnerinnenundderStaatmüssensichandieGesetzehalten.
Frage № 4: ✓Meinungsfreiheit
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Frage № 6: ✓Grundgesetz
Frage № 7✓Glaubens- undGewissensfreiheit
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The basic dictum of financial planning is “Earlier the Better”. According to this principle, Project ‘B’ is preferable. The profit maximisation goal ignores the time value of money.(iii) It ignores the Quality of Benefits: If the predicted earnings are more assured, the quality is high because the range of fluctuation is small. Profit maximisation ignores the value of benefits and does not consider the risk connected with profits. The following table demonstrates this:(Quality of Benefits-
...Hydrotherapy—also known as water therapy—is the use of water for pain relief and treatment. It's a common method used in physical therapy, alternative medicine, and rehabilitation. Here are the main details:
Describe the structure and bonding in sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. It contains positive sodium ions (Na⁺) and negative chloride ions (Cl⁻). The ions are held together in a giant lattice by strong electrostatic forces. These forces act in all directions, giving it a high melting point.
Explain why potassium is more reactive than lithium Both are in Group 1 and have 1 electron in their outer shell. Potassium’s outer electron is further from the nucleus. So there is...
1. Research Design: Meaning, Classification, and Elements
Meaning and Purpose Research design is the overall blueprint or roadmap that guides the entire research process. It defines the procedures necessary to collect, analyze, and interpret data in a way that answers the research questions or tests hypotheses. In essence, it is the structure that provides coherence to the research process, ensuring that every element—from problem definition through data collection to final analysis—is aligned
Monopoly Market
A monopoly market is a market structure where a single firm or entity has complete control over the production, distribution, and sale of a particular product or service.
Key Characteristics
1. *Single Seller*: There is only one seller or producer in the market.
2. *No Close Substitutes*: The product or service has no close substitutes, making it difficult for consumers to switch to alternative products.
3. *Barriers to Entry*: There are significant barriers to entry, making it difficult
Compile and Go
In this type of loader, the Linkers and Loaders instruction is read line by line, its machine code is obtained and it is directly put in the main memory at some known address. That means the assembler runs in one part of memory and the assembled machine instructions and data is directly put into their assigned memory locations. After completion of assembly process loader contains the instruction using which the The location counter is set to the start of the newly assembled program.
1. Explain the maxim 'Delay defeats equity.'
Equity helps vigilant, not those who sleep. Delay by claimant weakens their right to get fair and just remedy.
The maxim means that equity favors those who act timely. Delay in asserting rights may bar equitable relief due to laches.
This equitable maxim suggests that courts will not aid individuals who delay unreasonably in asserting their rights. Equity promotes fairness, and delay indicates
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